There are over hundred high level programming languages developed during
the last few decades. Ignoring few differences among them, we can
broadly classify the high level programming languages into four
classes. They are : 1. Commercial language, 2. Scientific language, 3.
Artificial Intelligence language and 4. Special purpose language
1. Commercial language
The commercial language is used for business problem solving. The examples of such language are COBOL, PL-1 etc.
COBOL : COBOL stands for Common Business Oriented Language. The COBOL compiler developed could serve the purpose of data processing and as a machine independent language, which can be used in any computer. COBOL was developed in 1959 with the support from United States Department of Defense under the guidance of Commander Grace Murnay Hopper. The version of COBOL was being improved and American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standardized COBOL in 1968 and 1974. The latest version of COBOL -74 is very popular for data processing.
2. Scientific languages
The scientific languages provide a number of data structures and it helps for processing scientific data and solve problems very easily. BASIC, FORTRAN , C., Pascal, ALGOL, ADA are the examples of scientific language.
FORTRAN : FORTRAN stands for Formula Translation. It was developed by John Backus and his team at IBM (International Business Machine) in 1957. FORTRAN is used to solve scientific and engineering problems. The first version of FORTRAN was called FORTRAN - II. The latest version of FORTRAN is called FORTRAN - 77 which was standardized by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in 1977.
C Language : 'C' Language was developed by a group at Bell Telephone Laboratories, USA in early 1970's. C is now a very widely used versatile language.It is a general purpose high level language. It allows the facility of library of functions which are similar to subroutines. C Language is used by system programmers to develop very complex programs such as operating system and application programs. The UNIX operating system has been written in C Language.
3. Artificial Intelligence Language
The concept of intelligent software lead to the development of Artificial Intelligence Language. The examples of such language are : LISP and PROLOG.
LISP : LISP stands for LISP Processing .It was developed by John MC Carthy in early sixties. It is the most popular Artificial Intelligence Language. LISP is used in non-numeric applications like game playing. It can also be used for pattern recognition.
4. Special Purpose Language
The Special Purpose Language may be used in system programming. The example of such languages are Pascal and MODULA - II.
Pascal : Pascal is a programming language which was named after French Mathematician Blaise Pascal. Blaise Pascal was concerned with the design of calculating devices. American National Standards institute (ANSI) standardized Pascal. Pascal can be used for non-numeric programming. It can manipulate numbers, string of characters, records, files etc.Some languages may fall into more than one class because of their versatile application areas. For example C Language falls into scientific as well as special purpose language.
1. Commercial language
The commercial language is used for business problem solving. The examples of such language are COBOL, PL-1 etc.
COBOL : COBOL stands for Common Business Oriented Language. The COBOL compiler developed could serve the purpose of data processing and as a machine independent language, which can be used in any computer. COBOL was developed in 1959 with the support from United States Department of Defense under the guidance of Commander Grace Murnay Hopper. The version of COBOL was being improved and American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standardized COBOL in 1968 and 1974. The latest version of COBOL -74 is very popular for data processing.
2. Scientific languages
The scientific languages provide a number of data structures and it helps for processing scientific data and solve problems very easily. BASIC, FORTRAN , C., Pascal, ALGOL, ADA are the examples of scientific language.
FORTRAN : FORTRAN stands for Formula Translation. It was developed by John Backus and his team at IBM (International Business Machine) in 1957. FORTRAN is used to solve scientific and engineering problems. The first version of FORTRAN was called FORTRAN - II. The latest version of FORTRAN is called FORTRAN - 77 which was standardized by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in 1977.
C Language : 'C' Language was developed by a group at Bell Telephone Laboratories, USA in early 1970's. C is now a very widely used versatile language.It is a general purpose high level language. It allows the facility of library of functions which are similar to subroutines. C Language is used by system programmers to develop very complex programs such as operating system and application programs. The UNIX operating system has been written in C Language.
3. Artificial Intelligence Language
The concept of intelligent software lead to the development of Artificial Intelligence Language. The examples of such language are : LISP and PROLOG.
LISP : LISP stands for LISP Processing .It was developed by John MC Carthy in early sixties. It is the most popular Artificial Intelligence Language. LISP is used in non-numeric applications like game playing. It can also be used for pattern recognition.
4. Special Purpose Language
The Special Purpose Language may be used in system programming. The example of such languages are Pascal and MODULA - II.
Pascal : Pascal is a programming language which was named after French Mathematician Blaise Pascal. Blaise Pascal was concerned with the design of calculating devices. American National Standards institute (ANSI) standardized Pascal. Pascal can be used for non-numeric programming. It can manipulate numbers, string of characters, records, files etc.Some languages may fall into more than one class because of their versatile application areas. For example C Language falls into scientific as well as special purpose language.
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